# Rednecks Racing Modified Rice Tractors in Thailand!

**URL:** <https://discuss.compclassnotes.com/t/rednecks-racing-modified-rice-tractors-in-thailand/481>\
**Category:** All Things Thai!\
**Tags:** sports\
**Created:** [October 23, 2026, 10:14pm UTC](https://discuss.compclassnotes.com/t/rednecks-racing-modified-rice-tractors-in-thailand/481 "2026-10-23T22:14:54Z")\
**Posts on this page:** 2\
**Page:** 1

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![FreeFormer](https://dub1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/user_avatar/discuss.compclassnotes.com/freeformer/32/97_2.png) [@FreeFormer](https://discuss.compclassnotes.com/u/FreeFormer)\
**Post date:** [October 23, 2026, 10:14pm UTC](https://discuss.compclassnotes.com/t/rednecks-racing-modified-rice-tractors-in-thailand/481/1 "2026-10-23T22:14:54Z")

</div>

**Mar 15, 2021**

A group of farmers and friends gathered to test their modified, high-speed tractors in a waterlogged rice field, while spectators captured the action and cheered them on in a lively, fun-filled atmosphere.

[![](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/d8f12fb21cc038e6f7ff7ebf9e6b073ccfa56262.jpeg "จังหวะนี้ห้ามกระพริบตา รถคลุบซิ่งบางลี่สุพรรบุรี") ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XvHdo3Hmqu4)

**Jul 28, 2023**

[![](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/46e04947f48f652ebfdf63173e63304b0dc64731.jpeg "Asian Rednecks Racing Modified Rice Tractors in Thailand!") ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ytKzWZp__Gs)

## Etymology

Before 1939, Thailand[[ii]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-endo-10) was known internationally as _Siam_.[[iv]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-siam-12) The word _Thai_ (ไทย)[[18]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-22)[[19]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-23) is traditionally interpreted to mean ‘free man’ in the [Thai language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_language "Thai language"), distinguishing the Thai from [serfs](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serfdom "Serfdom") in historical society.[[20]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Coedes_1968-24): 197 However, other scholars suggest the term originally meant simply ‘people’ or ‘human being’, noting its historical use in rural areas.[[21]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Phumisak_1992-25)

**Apr 1, 2023**

[![](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/45c089e6fd33f5ffed478a3a480fe1166398b156.jpeg "Redneck Rice Tractor Drag Racing in Thailand") ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N4p-mOf3PFU)

Continuous human habitation in present-day Thailand dates back at least 20,000 years.[[27]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTELePoer19894-32) Agriculture emerged with [rice cultivation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_rice_cultivation "History of rice cultivation") around 2000 BCE,[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit20174-33) alongside participation in the Maritime Jade Road, a trading network connecting Southeast Asia from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.[[29]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-34)[[30]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-35)[[31]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-36)[[32]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-37) The [Ban Chiang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ban_Chiang "Ban Chiang") site in northeast Thailand is the earliest known centre of copper and bronze production in [Southeast Asia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia "Southeast Asia"), dating between 2000 and 1000 BCE.[[28]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit20174-33)[[33]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-38) Iron working appeared around 500 BCE.[[34]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit20175-39)

**Apr 12, 2025**

[![](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/d266e88bb3ead6002cc1ec0197e06fdd99de3fdb.jpeg "Crazy Asian Rednecks Racing Rice Tractors in Thailand!") ](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2hgIWa_VEPA)

### Early Tai confederate cities (673 BCE – 13th century CE)

Main article: [Initial states of Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initial_states_of_Thailand "Initial states of Thailand")

[![Map showing Kra–Dai language distribution in East and Southeast Asia with arrows marking Tai migration routes southward from China.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/0ba48909ae6d1d865ff5acfab85e1a3af6368282.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tai_Migration.svg)

Map showing geographic distribution of [Kra–Dai linguistic family](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra%E2%80%93Dai_languages "Kra–Dai languages"). Arrows represent general pattern of the migration of [Tai-speaking tribes](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_peoples "Tai peoples") along the rivers and over the lower passes.[[47]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201727-53)

[![Map highlighting the geographic territory of the Lan Na kingdom in northern Thailand.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/04ef972ce45e2e3ed043b06aee05b5a655b3d8aa.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Location_Lanna_(under_King_Tilok).png)

[Lan Na](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_Na "Lan Na") kingdom during the reign of [Tilokaraj](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilokaraj "Tilokaraj") (r. 1441–1487)

Ancestors of the [Tai-speaking peoples](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tai_peoples "Tai peoples") are believed to have originated in the [Yangtze](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangtze "Yangtze") basin as early as the 12th century BCE. Following conflicts with Chinese expansion in [Guangxi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi "Guangxi"), Tai groups gradually migrated southwestwards along rivers and mountain passes into Southeast Asia.[[48]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Chamberlain_2016-54)[[49]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201726-55) By the first millennium CE, they had established early city-states across present-day northern Thailand, Laos, and northeastern Myanmar, becoming a dominant regional power.[[50]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJumsai1967-56)

According to northern chronicles, early Tai confederacies like [Singhanavati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singhanavati "Singhanavati") and its successor [Ngoenyang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngoenyang "Ngoenyang") were established in northern Thailand during the first millennium CE.[[51]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-wieng-57): 5, 9 [[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit20148-28) In 1262, King [Mangrai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mangrai "Mangrai") relocated the Ngoenyang capital to [Chiang Mai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiang_Mai "Chiang Mai"), founding the [Lan Na](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lan_Na "Lan Na") kingdom. Mangrai unified surrounding principalities and expanded southwards, annexing the Mon kingdom of [Hariphunchai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hariphunchai "Hariphunchai") in 1292.[[24]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit20148-28)[[52]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoed%C3%A8s1968208-58)

### Dvaravati (7th–11th centuries)

Main article: [Dvaravati](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaravati "Dvaravati")

[![Map depicting the positions of moated settlement sites of the Dvaravati culture across modern Thailand.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/3c3d82f0fdcf19377c24fead9416e314fa0303a6.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DvaravatiMapThailand.png)

Map of settlements of Dvaravati culture from the 6th to 9th centuries

[![Black and white photograph showing the ruined brick base of a Dvaravati-style chedi.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/b767da1069b186596a701422c821b779ae2c9a53.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dvaravati-style_Chedi_at_Wat_Phra_Rub,_Suphan_Buri_Province.jpg)

Dvaravati-style Chedi at [Wat Phra Rub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Rub?action=edit&redlink=1 "Wat Phra Rub (page does not exist)") [[th](https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%9B%20(%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5) "th:วัดพระรูป (จังหวัดสุพรรณบุรี)")], [Suphan Buri province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphan_Buri_province "Suphan Buri province"), now completely destroyed.

The Chao Phraya River was home to the Mon Dvaravati culture, which flourished from the 7th to the 11th century.[[56]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt200318-62) Samuel Beal identified the polity in Chinese records as “Duoluobodi”. Early 20th-century excavations established [Nakhon Pathom Province](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Pathom_Province "Nakhon Pathom Province") and U Thong as major centres. Dvaravati inscriptions used [Sanskrit](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanskrit "Sanskrit") and [Mon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon_language "Mon language") written in scripts derived from the [Pallava alphabet](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallava_alphabet "Pallava alphabet").[[57]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201711-63)

Dvaravati is associated with [Theravada Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada "Theravada"), likely transmitted from Sri Lanka, while its ruling class participated in [Hindu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu "Hindu") rites. [Dvaravati art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaravati_art "Dvaravati art") shows strong Indian influence, whereas the eastern Chao Phraya valley displays greater Khmer and Hindu influence. Dvaravati culture spread into [Isan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isan "Isan") and southwards to the [Kra Isthmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_Isthmus "Kra Isthmus"). It operated as a network of city-states linked through the [mandala political model](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(political_model) "Mandala (political model)"). Baker and Pasuk challenge the idea that the plain was incorporated into a unified Lavo-Khmer polity, citing the absence of Angkorian temple-endowment inscriptions.[[58]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201722,_24-64)

The name _Dvaravati_ derives from medallions bearing the Sanskrit phrase _śrīdvāravatīśvarapuṇya_ found at Nakhon Pathom and other sites. Chinese and Annamese records mention _To-lo-po-ti_, with tribute missions reaching the [Tang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tang_dynasty "Tang dynasty") court in 638, 640 and 649.[[59]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201716,_18-65)

Art historians later extended the term _Dvaravati_ to describe a wider body of styles and their corresponding period. Baker and Pasuk argue these styles spread through trade rather than political authority. Between the 6th and 12th centuries, forty moated towns shared religious practices, artistic traditions and Mon inscriptions but showed little political integration.[[60]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201718,_21,_24-66)

Recent research places the coastline near its present position by about 500 CE, challenging older views of a submerged lower gulf. The religious landscape was also diverse; images of [Avalokiteśvara](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara "Avalokiteśvara") and [Prajñāpāramitā](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81p%C4%81ramit%C4%81 "Prajñāpāramitā") appeared alongside Buddha images, reflecting mixed Buddhist practices rather than strict divisions.[[61]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit20173,_13,_15-67)

#### Lavo

Main article: [Lavo Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom "Lavo Kingdom")

[![Three large stone Khmer-style prang towers stand in a line beneath the sky.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/f671375722c40dec8bc2df394345747eabbe08ed.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%942.jpg)

Wat [Phra Prang Sam Yod](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Prang_Sam_Yod "Phra Prang Sam Yod"), a 13th-century Angkorian temple in [Lopburi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopburi "Lopburi").

Lavo belonged to the Dvaravati sphere early in the period. Chronicle traditions claim Lavapura was founded in 648—or possibly 538—by [Kalavarnadisharaja](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalavarnadisharaja?action=edit&redlink=1 "Kalavarnadisharaja (page does not exist)").[[62]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-nan-68): 34 The only attested native language is [Old Mon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Mon_language "Old Mon language").[[63]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-ori-69) Baker and Pasuk identify [Lopburi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lopburi "Lopburi") as Lavapura.[[64]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201716-70)

Around the 10th century, central plain city-states reorganised into two mandalas: Lavo in the east and [Suvarnabhumi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suvarnabhumi "Suvarnabhumi") (modern [Suphan Buri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphan_Buri "Suphan Buri")) in the west.[[65]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThepthani1953-71) According to Northern Chronicles, a king of [Tambralinga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tambralinga "Tambralinga") installed a Malay prince in Lavo in 903 or 927.[[66]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-monwar-72) This prince married a Khmer princess, and their son became [Suryavarman I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suryavarman_I "Suryavarman I"), linking Lavo to Khmer domination. However, Baker and Pasuk argue Angkorian control of Lavo was asserted rather than demonstrated, and the relationship remained flexible.[[67]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201724-73)

Angkor lost Lavo to [Suphannabhum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphannabhum "Suphannabhum") princes in 1052, moving the seat to [Ayodhya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phra_Nakhon_Si_Ayutthaya_(city) "Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya (city)") under [Narai I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narai_I?action=edit&redlink=1 "Narai I (page does not exist)"). Angkor pushed to recover influence in 1181 when [Jayavarman VII](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jayavarman_VII "Jayavarman VII") appointed a kinsman to govern Lavapura.[[68]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-indra-74) This pressured Lavo ruler Sri Dharmasokaraja II to flee to Nakhon Si Thammarat.[[63]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-ori-69): 38–39 Lavapura was likely recovered in the 13th century by a Tai prince.[[69]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThepthani1953109-75) Angkorian power eventually waned,[[70]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham2014120-76) and in 1238, [Bang Klang Hao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Inthrathit "Si Inthrathit") took Sukhothai from [Khom Sabat Khlon Lamphong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khom_Sabat_Khlon_Lamphong "Khom Sabat Khlon Lamphong"), conventionally marking the kingdom’s foundation.[[71]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-lost-77)[[72]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoed%C3%A8s1968195%E2%80%93196-78)

#### Siam people

Early references to the Siam people occur in pre-Angkorian inscriptions. A 661 inscription from [Angkor Borei](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor_Borei "Angkor Borei") mentions a female slave named _Ku Sayam_, while a 682 inscription records a noble named Sayam.[[73]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-eth-79) Tatsuo Hoshino identifies several polities in Tang annals as early Tai or Siamese states linking [Champa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa "Champa") with the Chao Phraya basin.[[74]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoshino200239,_53%E2%80%9354,_68-80) [Hiram Woodward](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Woodward "Hiram Woodward") considers this linguistic argument tendentious.[[75]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-woodward-81): 87

Song period Chinese sources describe _Xiān guó_ (暹國) in the western [Chao Phraya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya "Chao Phraya") region, while the east was associated with [Lavo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom "Lavo Kingdom").[[76]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-ngr-82) By the 13th and 14th centuries, Siamese polities like [Phrip Phri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrip_Phri "Phrip Phri"), [Suphan Buri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphan_Buri "Suphan Buri"), [Ayodhya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom "Ayutthaya Kingdom") and [Sukhothai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom "Sukhothai Kingdom") appeared independently in Chinese records.[[77]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201745,_51,_55-83) Evidence for relations with Chenla appears in the Wat Kud Tae inscription, recording a royal marriage.[[78]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-ally-84) A [Champa](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champa "Champa") inscription records Siamese and Angkorian forces attacking [Vijaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijaya_(Champa) "Vijaya (Champa)") in 1201.[[79]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-c3-85) [Zhou Daguan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhou_Daguan "Zhou Daguan") reported Siamese influence over Lavapura and their presence in [Yaśodharapura](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodharapura "Yaśodharapura").[[80]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Reviewed_Work:_A_record_of_Cambodia-86)[[81]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZhou2007-87)

### Xiān and Chen Li Fu (12th–14th centuries)

Main articles: [Xiān](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%C4%81n "Xiān") and [Chen Li Fu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Li_Fu "Chen Li Fu")

[![Map showing the geographic scope and proposed boundary of the Phrip Phri polity.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/ba0c876da6378aa67cb0297021b42305f7128995.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5.jpg)

Proposed extent of the Xiān polity of [Phrip Phri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phrip_Phri "Phrip Phri") in the late 12th century.

Before Xiān, Chinese records describe [Chên Li Fu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chen_Li_Fu "Chen Li Fu"), a polity west of [Chenla](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chenla "Chenla").[[82]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-walailak-88): 7–11 It sent embassies to the [Song](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Song_dynasty "Song dynasty") court in the early 1200s.[[83]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt200120-89) Its ruler, Sri Mahidharavarman, bore the Khmer title _kamrateng_. Its tribute included elephants, ivory, and rhinoceros horn,[[84]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201748-90) but the Song court instructed Chên Li Fu to send no further tribute due to distance.[[85]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-wolters-91): 6

The earliest notices of Xiān are Vietnamese, detailing merchant ships from Xiān reaching _Hǎidōng_ (海東) in 1149.[[86]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-ctext-92): line 61 Xiān sent tribute in 1182,[[86]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-ctext-92): line 25 and merchants returned in 1241.[[86]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-ctext-92): line 29 Chinese records use [Xiān](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xi%C4%81n "Xiān") for polities of the lower [Chao Phraya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River "Chao Phraya River"), which [Yoneo Ishii](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yoneo_Ishii "Yoneo Ishii") interpreted as several port polities rather than a single state.[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-xian-27): 38, 41–2 Xiān first appears in the Chinese record in 1282 or 1283 and sent tribute missions frequently between 1292 and 1323. [Lavo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom "Lavo Kingdom"), [Suphan Buri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphan_Buri "Suphan Buri"), [Ayodhya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom "Ayutthaya Kingdom") and Phetchaburi each dealt with China in its own name before the union of 1349.[[77]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201745,_51,_55-83)

The [Yuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yuan_dynasty "Yuan dynasty") court’s dealings with Xiān indicate a negotiated relationship. Envoys sent to demand submission in 1293 were refused, and the king came in person with tribute in 1295.[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-xian-27): 38–9 An edict of 1295 ordered Xiān not to harm _Ma-li-yu-er_ ([Melayu](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom "Melayu Kingdom")), with whom it had long been at war.[[87]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-supakarn-93): 67 The older identification of Xiān with [Sukhothai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom "Sukhothai Kingdom") was challenged in 1989 by [Yamamoto Tatsurō](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yamamoto_Tatsur%C5%8D "Yamamoto Tatsurō"), who noted that a gazetteer places Sukhothai under Xiān and therefore distinguishes the two.[[23]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-xian-27): 37, 38

### Sukhothai Kingdom (1238–1438)

Main article: [Sukhothai Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom "Sukhothai Kingdom")

[Sukhothai Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom "Sukhothai Kingdom")

[![Map of Southeast Asia in the late 13th century showing Sukhothai and neighboring realms](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/15bfb47c0ae90f7675da985a02bbb68f3bcf4d49.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Southeast_Asian_history_-_13th_century.png)

Sukhothai and neighbours, end of 13th century CE

[![Large seated stone Buddha image visible through a tall open doorway at Wat Si Chum](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/25b093e3c83a6de2bd9bac6681113e2f51b7235a.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Phra_Achana_(I).jpg)

Phra Achana, Wat Si Chum, Sukhothai Historical Park

[![Ancient stone chedis and pillars of Wat Mahathat reflected in a tranquil lake](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/05f2e0813370192b24a7592f034184d4740c7fc1.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sukhothai_Historical_Park.jpg)

The ruins of Wat Mahathat, [Sukhothai Historical Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_Historical_Park "Sukhothai Historical Park")

After the decline of the Khmer Empire and [Kingdom of Pagan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagan_Kingdom "Pagan Kingdom") in the early 13th century, Tai domains stretched from present-day India to the [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula").[[88]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt198438%E2%80%9339-94) During the 13th century, Tai people settled in the core lands of Dvaravati and Lavo down to [Nakhon Si Thammarat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nakhon_Si_Thammarat_Kingdom "Nakhon Si Thammarat Kingdom").[[89]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt198450%E2%80%9351-95)

In 1238, [Pho Khun Bang Klang Hao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si_Inthrathit "Si Inthrathit") rallied local populations to rebel against the Khmer, crowning himself the first king of the [Sukhothai Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sukhothai_Kingdom "Sukhothai Kingdom").[[55]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt198452%E2%80%9353-61) Thai historians count Sukhothai as the first kingdom of the Thai people. It expanded furthest under [Ram Khamhaeng](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ram_Khamhaeng "Ram Khamhaeng"), functioning mostly as a network of local lords rather than a tightly controlled empire.[[90]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt198455%E2%80%9356-96) He is believed to have invented the [Thai script](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_script "Thai script"). Sukhothai embraced [Theravada](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theravada "Theravada") [Buddhism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism "Buddhism") under [Maha Thammaracha I](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maha_Thammaracha_I "Maha Thammaracha I").

### Ayutthaya Kingdom (1351–1767)

Main articles: [Ayutthaya Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom "Ayutthaya Kingdom"), [Galeote Pereira](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galeote_Pereira "Galeote Pereira"), [Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1547%E2%80%931549) "Burmese–Siamese War (1547–1549)"), and [Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1584%E2%80%931593) "Burmese–Siamese War (1584–1593)")

[Ayutthaya Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayutthaya_Kingdom "Ayutthaya Kingdom")

[![Map depicting the territorial domain of the Ayutthaya Kingdom around 1390 CE](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/8f284ab474ecc7159556fdaba755c0f18b5b7598.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Ayutthaya_Kingdom_in_1390.jpg)

Ayutthaya and neighbours, c. 1390 CE

[![Map depicting the territorial expanse of the Ayutthaya Kingdom around 1545 CE](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/9c6d94938ca59565aa42bcb94f254243b4acab0f.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Ayutthaya_Kingdom_in_1545.jpg)

Ayutthaya and neighbours, c. 1540 CE

[![17th-century Dutch painting showing a bird's-eye view of the fortified island city of Ayutthaya](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/e54786a718375e32913e07ffe7c612310089c7b3.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bird's_Eye_View_of_Iudiad_City_(Ayutthaya)_c1665.jpg)

Painting of Ayutthaya city c. 1665, by [Johannes Vingboons](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_Vingboons "Johannes Vingboons")

The Ayutthaya Kingdom rose from the earlier [Lavo Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lavo_Kingdom "Lavo Kingdom") and [Suphannaphum](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suphannaphum "Suphannaphum") with [Uthong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uthong "Uthong") as its first king. Ayutthaya was a patchwork of self-governing principalities and tributary provinces under the [mandala system](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandala_(political_model) "Mandala (political model)").[[91]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHigham1989355-97) Its initial expansion was achieved through conquest and political marriage.

Before the end of the 15th century, Ayutthaya invaded the Khmer Empire three times, sacking its capital [Angkor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkor "Angkor").[[92]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKasetsiri200526-98) This marked a major geopolitical shift, allowing Ayutthaya to eclipse the Khmer Empire in mainland Southeast Asia. Sukhothai was steadily incorporated into the kingdom through dynastic marriages.[[93]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201759%E2%80%9361-99) King [Borommatrailokkanat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borommatrailokkanat "Borommatrailokkanat") brought about bureaucratic reforms and created the _[sakdina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakdina "Sakdina")_ social hierarchy, instituting male [corvée](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e "Corvée") labour.[[94]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013107-100)

European contact began with the [Portuguese](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_people "Portuguese people") in 1511.[[95]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-101) The French, Dutch, and English followed in the 17th century. Rivalry for supremacy over Chiang Mai pitted Ayutthaya against Burma’s [Taungoo dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taungoo_dynasty "Taungoo dynasty"), leading to the [capture of the capital in 1570](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1568%E2%80%9370) "Burmese–Siamese War (1568–70)").[[96]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013146%E2%80%93147-102) This brief period of vassalage ended when [Naresuan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naresuan "Naresuan") proclaimed independence in 1584.[[97]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit201411-103)

The kingdom prospered during [Narai](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narai "Narai")’s reign (1656–1688), becoming an Asian great power alongside China and India.[[98]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBakerPhongpaichit2017ix-104) Growing French influence, however, led to nationalist backlash and the [Siamese revolution of 1688](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1688 "Siamese revolution of 1688").[[99]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013185%E2%80%93186-105) After dynastic struggles, Ayutthaya entered a “[golden age](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_age "Golden age")” of flourishing [art](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_art "Thai art") and [literature](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_literature "Thai literature"). The final fifty years were marked by violent succession crises. In 1765, the Burmese under the [Alaungpaya](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaungpaya "Alaungpaya") dynasty [invaded](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1759%E2%80%9360) "Burmese–Siamese War (1759–60)"), and after a 14-month siege, Ayutthaya fell and was burned in April 1767.[[100]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1925250-106)[[101]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTERuangsilp2007218-107)

### Thonburi Kingdom (1767–1782)

Main article: [Thonburi Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonburi_Kingdom "Thonburi Kingdom")

Following Ayutthaya’s fall, the region fractured into five warlord domains. [Chao Tak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksin "Taksin"), a military leader based in [Chanthaburi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chanthaburi "Chanthaburi"), successfully retook Ayutthaya from the Burmese just seven months later.[[102]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-108)

Crowning himself King [Taksin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taksin "Taksin"), he established [Thonburi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thonburi "Thonburi") as his temporary capital. He subdued rival warlords and waged wars to [drive the Burmese out of Lan Na](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1774%E2%80%931775) "Burmese–Siamese War (1774–1775)") in 1775,[[103]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013225-109) [capture Vientiane](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1778%E2%80%931779) "Lao–Siamese War (1778–1779)") in 1778,[[104]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013227%E2%80%93228-110) and [install a pro-Thai king in Cambodia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_War_(1769%E2%80%931773) "Siamese–Vietnamese War (1769–1773)"). In his final years, his alleged insanity led to a coup, resulting in Taksin’s execution by General [Chao Phraya Chakri](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rama_I "Rama I"). Chakri became the first king of the [Chakri dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chakri_dynasty "Chakri dynasty") and founded the [Rattanakosin Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom "Rattanakosin Kingdom") on 6 April 1782.[[105]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-111)

### Rattanakosin Kingdom and modernisation (1782–1932)

Main article: [Rattanakosin Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932) "Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)")

[Rattanakosin Kingdom](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom "Rattanakosin Kingdom")

[![Detailed map of Siam in 1900 showing internal administrative boundaries, monthon, and provinces](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/506ba4b5a8e5ff21287df001d608111777f90860.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siam_in_1900,_During_Rama_V's_Reign.jpg)

Detailed map of Siam’s provinces, vassals, and monthons in 1900

[![Emerald Buddha statue adorned in gold garments seated high atop an ornate golden altar in Wat Phra Kaew](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/3a9b502bead6abdc2c3a9c16fa19b60c161c7a3f.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Emerald_Buddha,_August_2012,_Bangkok_(cropped).jpg)

[Emerald Buddha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emerald_Buddha "Emerald Buddha") in [Wat Phra Kaew](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wat_Phra_Kaew "Wat Phra Kaew"). Considered the sacred palladium of Thailand.

[![Historic photograph of King Chulalongkorn seated next to Tsar Nicholas II in 1897](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/30ec58a180746f397e731b88ceace102980e3621.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:King_Chulalongkorn_and_Tsar_Nicholas_II_1897.png)

[Chulalongkorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn "Chulalongkorn") with [Nicholas II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_II "Nicholas II") in Saint Petersburg, 1897

[![Map displaying the maximal extent of Siamese territorial dominion and vassal states in 1805](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/a2ec24c454aedb3f92af96e77b0e08bb77beffec.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Siamese_Territory_and_Dominion_in_1805.jpg)

Siamese territory and dominion at its largest in 1805, resulting from the [Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmese%E2%80%93Siamese_War_(1802%E2%80%931805) "Burmese–Siamese War (1802–1805)")

Under Rama I, Rattanakosin defended against Burmese incursions and established suzerainty over large parts of Laos and Cambodia.[[106]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan20021653-112) In 1821, [John Crawfurd](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Crawfurd "John Crawfurd") negotiated trade with Siam.[[107]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-113) Bangkok signed the [Burney Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burney_Treaty "Burney Treaty") in 1826.[[108]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013281-114)

[Anouvong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anouvong "Anouvong")’s [Lao rebellion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%931828) "Lao rebellion (1826–1828)") was suppressed in 1826, destroying Vientiane.[[109]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013283%E2%80%93286-115) Bangkok also fought [several wars](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese%E2%80%93Vietnamese_wars "Siamese–Vietnamese wars") with Vietnam to regain Cambodia.[[110]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013290%E2%80%93292-116)

Siam faced pressure from Western powers. King [Mongkut](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mongkut "Mongkut") (1851–1868) signed the [Bowring Treaty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bowring_Treaty "Bowring Treaty"), the first of many [unequal treaties](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unequal_treaty "Unequal treaty"), which nevertheless spurred trade and development.[[111]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-117) King [Chulalongkorn](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chulalongkorn "Chulalongkorn") accelerated modernisation, abolishing slavery and the corvée system, and centralising administration into a modern nation-state.[[112]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013327,_347,_362%E2%80%93363-118) The [1893 Franco-Siamese crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1893_Franco-Siamese_crisis "1893 Franco-Siamese crisis") cost Siam territories east of the Mekong.[[113]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013350%E2%80%93353-119)

Thailand remains the only Southeast Asian state never colonised by a Western power,[[114]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-120) partly because Britain and France maintained it as a [buffer state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffer_state "Buffer state").[[115]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-121) Under [Vajiravudh](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vajiravudh "Vajiravudh"), nationalist ideas spread,[[116]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013404-122) and Siam [joined the First World War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siam_in_World_War_I "Siam in World War I") on the side of [the Allies](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I "Allies of World War I"), allowing it to eventually revoke extraterritoriality.[[117]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013407%E2%80%93408-123)

### Military dictatorship (1932–1973)

Main articles: [Thailand in World War II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II "Thailand in World War II") and [History of Thailand (1932–1973)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1932%E2%80%931973) "History of Thailand (1932–1973)")

[![Formal portrait of Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram in decorated military uniform.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/3cccf340306d2ba7371bc50286b28bb658bad6e5.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plaek_Phibunsongkhram_(cropped).jpg)

Field Marshal Plaek Phibunsongkhram

Economic hardships during the [Great Depression](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Depression "Great Depression") undermined the absolute monarchy. The bloodless [Siamese revolution of 1932](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932 "Siamese revolution of 1932") led by the [Khana Ratsadon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khana_Ratsadon "Khana Ratsadon") forced King [Prajadhipok](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prajadhipok "Prajadhipok") to sign a constitution.[[118]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTELePoer198925-124) Following rebellions, military influence grew. King Prajadhipok abdicated, and the young [Ananda Mahidol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Mahidol "Ananda Mahidol") became king.[[119]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013448%E2%80%93449-125)

Military strongman [Plaek Phibunsongkhram](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram "Plaek Phibunsongkhram") became premier in 1938, launching a nationalist, [Irredentist](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irredentism "Irredentism"), and pro-fascist agenda, changing the country’s name to “Thailand”.[[120]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTELePoer198928-126) In 1940, Phibun launched the [Franco-Thai War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franco-Thai_War "Franco-Thai War") to reclaim territories from [French Indochina](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Indochina "French Indochina").[[121]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013462-127) Following a brief resistance against the [Japanese invasion](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand "Japanese invasion of Thailand") in 1941, Thailand allied with Japan and declared war on the US and UK.[[122]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-128) The [Free Thai Movement](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement "Free Thai Movement") resisted the occupation.[[123]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013465%E2%80%93466-129)

[![King Bhumibol Adulyadej standing at a podium addressing a joint session of Congress.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/6857f520ca8b418fe60258b3e53dcb5859d005b7.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:ATrelations0018a-1.jpg)

King [Bhumibol Adulyadej](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej "Bhumibol Adulyadej") addresses a [joint session of the United States Congress](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint_session_of_the_United_States_Congress "Joint session of the United States Congress"), 1960.

In 1946, King Ananda died under mysterious circumstances, and [Bhumibol Adulyadej](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumibol_Adulyadej "Bhumibol Adulyadej") ascended to the throne. Phibun returned via coup in 1947, aligned Thailand with the US in the [Korean War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War "Korean War"), and helped establish the [Southeast Asia Treaty Organization](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia_Treaty_Organization "Southeast Asia Treaty Organization") (SEATO).[[124]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013493-130) He was ousted in 1957 by Field Marshal [Sarit Thanarat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sarit_Thanarat "Sarit Thanarat"), who reinstated autocracy, rooted legitimacy in the monarchy, and aligned with the US during the [Vietnam War](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnam_War "Vietnam War"), executing an [anti-communist campaign](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings#Thailand "Anti-communist mass killings").[[125]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013523-131) The era saw rapid modernisation and urbanisation, but bred opposition among a growing middle class and students.[[126]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013534-132)

### Transition towards democracy (1973–2001)

Main article: [History of Thailand (1973–2001)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(1973%E2%80%932001) "History of Thailand (1973–2001)")

The [1973 Thai popular uprising](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973_Thai_popular_uprising "1973 Thai popular uprising") overthrew the military regime.[[127]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013541%E2%80%93543-133) King Bhumibol appointed a civilian prime minister, initiating a brief parliamentary democracy.[[128]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Britannica2-134) Political instability and fears of communist expansion culminated in the [Thammasat University massacre](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6_October_1976_massacre "6 October 1976 massacre") and a return to right-wing military rule.[[129]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyatt2013548%E2%80%93549-135)

Under [Prem Tinsulanonda](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prem_Tinsulanonda "Prem Tinsulanonda") in the 1980s, Thailand enjoyed economic growth and semi-democracy (“premocracy”), successfully ending the communist insurgency.[[130]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-136) In 1988, [Chatichai Choonhavan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatichai_Choonhavan "Chatichai Choonhavan") became the first freely elected prime minister since 1976. A 1991 coup and subsequent attempt by [Suchinda Kraprayoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suchinda_Kraprayoon "Suchinda Kraprayoon") to retain power sparked the [Black May](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_May_(Thailand) "Black May (Thailand)") protests in 1992, resulting in a bloody crackdown until King Bhumibol intervened.[[131]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-137) Free elections returned, leading to the creation of the progressive [1997 “People’s Constitution.”](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_constitution_of_Thailand "1997 constitution of Thailand")

### Shinawatra era (2001–present)

Main article: [History of Thailand (2001–present)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Thailand_(2001%E2%80%93present) "History of Thailand (2001–present)")

The [1997 Asian financial crisis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis "1997 Asian financial crisis") devastated the economy, necessitating an [International Monetary Fund](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund "International Monetary Fund") bailout.[[132]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-138) The crisis propelled populist [Thaksin Shinawatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thaksin_Shinawatra "Thaksin Shinawatra") and his [Thai Rak Thai Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_Rak_Thai_Party "Thai Rak Thai Party") to power. Thaksin’s policies reduced rural poverty and provided universal healthcare,[[133]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-139) but alienated the urban elite and royalists. Crises including the [southern Thailand insurgency](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Thailand_insurgency "Southern Thailand insurgency") and the [2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami "2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami") further polarised the nation.[[134]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-140)

Massive protests by the conservative and royalist [People’s Alliance for Democracy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Alliance_for_Democracy "People's Alliance for Democracy") (PAD) led to a [military coup in 2006](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Thai_coup_d'%C3%A9tat "2006 Thai coup d'état") that ousted Thaksin.[[135]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Phongpaichit-2008-141)

[![Large crowd of protesters clad in red shirts gathering on a Bangkok city street.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/17a06fc7df6d074f98522e1f3d61748ce6ff786c.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2010_09_19_red_shirt_protest_bkk_09.JPG)

[United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_for_Democracy_Against_Dictatorship "United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship"), Red Shirts, [protest](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Thai_political_protests "2010 Thai political protests") in 2010

Following the coup, resistance persisted. The Thaksin-aligned [People’s Power Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/People's_Power_Party_(Thailand) "People's Power Party (Thailand)") won elections in 2007, but [PAD protests](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008_Thai_political_crisis "2008 Thai political crisis") led to its dissolution, installing the Democrat Party. Pro-Thaksin forces under the [United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Front_for_Democracy_Against_Dictatorship "United Front for Democracy Against Dictatorship") (UDD) intensely protested both [in 2009](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009_Thai_political_unrest "2009 Thai political unrest") and [2010](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2010_Thai_political_protests "2010 Thai political protests").

Following a period of intense political polarisation, the military seized power in a [2014 coup](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2014_Thai_coup_d'%C3%A9tat "2014 Thai coup d'état") led by General [Prayut Chan-o-cha](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prayut_Chan-o-cha "Prayut Chan-o-cha"), establishing a junta that governed for nearly a decade.[[136]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-142) The [2023 general election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2023_Thai_general_election "2023 Thai general election") marked a significant transition of power away from military-aligned parties to a coalition led by the [Pheu Thai Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pheu_Thai_Party "Pheu Thai Party"), ending nine years of royalist-military rule.[[137]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-143)

The subsequent years were characterised by renewed political instability and significant judicial intervention, which led to the consecutive removals of prime ministers [Srettha Thavisin](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Srettha_Thavisin "Srettha Thavisin") and [Paetongtarn Shinawatra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paetongtarn_Shinawatra "Paetongtarn Shinawatra").[[138]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-144) Amidst this domestic turbulence, temporary [violent clashes along the Cambodian border](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2025_Cambodian%E2%80%93Thai_border_crisis "2025 Cambodian–Thai border crisis") in 2025 shifted national focus.[[139]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-145) The instability culminated in the parliamentary election of [Anutin Charnvirakul](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anutin_Charnvirakul "Anutin Charnvirakul") as prime minister, who quickly dissolved the House and led his [Bhumjaithai Party](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhumjaithai_Party "Bhumjaithai Party") to victory in the [2026 election](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2026_Thai_general_election "2026 Thai general election"), marking a major electoral revival for Thai conservatism.[[140]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-146)

## Geography

Main article: [Geography of Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Thailand "Geography of Thailand")

[![Rocky tropical coastline with ancient rock strata and calm clear waters.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/6bb96b5523e514613faa7283a2d0f9b8203d4943.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koh_Tarutao,_Thailand,_Ancient_Cambrian_deposits.jpg)

[Ko Tarutao](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko_Tarutao "Ko Tarutao"), [Satun](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satun_Province "Satun Province")

Totalling 513,120 square kilometres (198,120 sq mi), Thailand is the [50th-largest country](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area "List of countries and dependencies by area") by total area.[[1]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-CIA-2) Thailand comprises several distinct geographic regions, partly corresponding to the provincial groups. The north of the country is the mountainous area of the [Thai highlands](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thai_highlands "Thai highlands"), with the highest point being [Doi Inthanon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_Inthanon "Doi Inthanon") in the [Thanon Thong Chai Range](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thanon_Thong_Chai_Range "Thanon Thong Chai Range") at 2,565 metres (8,415 ft) above sea level. The northeast, [Isan](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isan "Isan"), consists of the [Khorat Plateau](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khorat_Plateau "Khorat Plateau"), bordered to the east by the [Mekong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mekong "Mekong") River. The centre of the country is dominated by the predominantly flat [Chao Phraya River](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chao_Phraya_River "Chao Phraya River") valley, which runs into the [Gulf of Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand "Gulf of Thailand"). Southern Thailand consists of the narrow [Kra Isthmus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kra_Isthmus "Kra Isthmus") that widens into the [Malay Peninsula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malay_Peninsula "Malay Peninsula").

The Chao Phraya and the Mekong River are the indispensable water courses of rural Thailand. Industrial-scale production of crops uses both rivers and their tributaries. The Gulf of Thailand covers 320,000 square kilometres (124,000 sq mi) and is fed by the Chao Phraya, [Mae Klong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mae_Klong_River "Mae Klong River"), [Bang Pakong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bang_Pakong_River "Bang Pakong River"), and [Tapi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tapi_River,_Thailand "Tapi River, Thailand") Rivers. It contributes to the tourism sector owing to its clear shallow waters along the coasts in the southern region and the Kra Isthmus. The eastern shore has the kingdom’s premier deepwater port in [Sattahip](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sattahip_district "Sattahip district") and its busiest commercial port, [Laem Chabang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laem_Chabang "Laem Chabang"). [Phuket](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phuket_Province "Phuket Province"), [Krabi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krabi_Province "Krabi Province"), [Ranong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranong "Ranong"), [Phang Nga](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phang_Nga "Phang Nga") and [Trang](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trang_Province "Trang Province"), and their islands, all lie along the coasts of the [Andaman Sea](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andaman_Sea "Andaman Sea") and host luxurious resorts.[[141]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-147)[[142]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-148)

### Climate

[![Map of Thailand colour-coded to illustrate tropical savanna, monsoon, and rainforest climate regions.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/dc9d864b09509f3a959041d3778e95bb3a135e84.png)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_THA_present.svg)

Thailand map of Köppen climate classification

The climate is influenced by [monsoon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monsoon "Monsoon") winds that have a seasonal character (the southwest and northeast monsoon).[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 2 Most of the country is classified as [Köppen](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification "Köppen climate classification")’s [tropical savanna climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate "Tropical savanna climate").[[144]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-150) The majority of the south, as well as the eastern tip, have a [tropical monsoon climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_monsoon_climate "Tropical monsoon climate"). Parts of the south also have a [tropical rainforest climate](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate "Tropical rainforest climate"). A year in Thailand is divided into three seasons.[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 2 The first is the rainy or southwest monsoon season (mid–May to mid–October), which is caused by southwestern wind from the [Indian Ocean](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Ocean "Indian Ocean").[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 2

Rainfall is also contributed by [Intertropical Convergence Zone](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone "Intertropical Convergence Zone") and tropical [cyclones](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclones "Cyclones"),[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 2 with August and September being the wettest period of the year.[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 2 The country receives a mean annual rainfall of 1,200 to 1,600 mm (47 to 63 in).[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 4 Winter or the northeast monsoon occurs from mid-October until mid-February.[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 2 Most of Thailand experiences dry weather with mild temperatures.[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 2, 4 Summer or the pre-monsoon season runs from mid-February until mid-May.[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 3

Due to their inland position and latitude, the north, northeast, central and eastern parts of Thailand experience a long period of warm weather, where temperatures can reach up to 40 °C (104 °F) during March to May,[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 3 in contrast to close to or below 0 °C (32 °F) in some areas in winter.[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 3 Southern Thailand is characterised by mild weather year-round with less diurnal and seasonal variations in temperatures due to maritime influences.[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 3 It receives abundant rainfall, particularly during October to November.[[143]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Climate_2015-149): 2 Thailand is among the world’s ten countries that are most exposed to [climate change](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_change_in_Thailand "Climate change in Thailand"). In particular, it is highly vulnerable to [rising sea levels](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sea_level_rise "Sea level rise") and extreme weather events.[[145]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-151)[[146]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-152)

### Biodiversity and conservation

[![An Asian elephant standing among dense, green rainforest foliage.](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/dc097c3e54a8434e5a861ba937617985e98a21e8.jpeg)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Khaoyai_06.jpg)

The population of [Asian elephants](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asian_elephants "Asian elephants") in Thailand’s wild has dropped to an estimated 2,000–3,000.[[147]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Elephants-153)

[National parks in Thailand](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Thailand "List of national parks of Thailand") are defined as _an area that contains natural resources of ecological importance or unique beauty, or flora and fauna of special importance_. [Protected areas include](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Thailand "List of protected areas of Thailand") 156 national parks, 58 wildlife sanctuaries, 67 non-hunting areas, and [120 forest parks](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_forest_parks_of_Thailand "List of forest parks of Thailand"). They cover almost 31 per cent of the country.[[148]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-PRD-154) The parks are administered by the [National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation Department](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Department_of_National_Parks,_Wildlife_and_Plant_Conservation "Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation") of the [Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Natural_Resources_and_Environment_(Thailand) "Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment (Thailand)"). The [Khao Kheow Open Zoo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khao_Kheow_Open_Zoo "Khao Kheow Open Zoo") in [Chonburi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chonburi "Chonburi") is the second largest zoo in Asia.[[149]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-cnbctv1-155) The largest national park is [Kaeng Krachan National Park](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaeng_Krachan_National_Park "Kaeng Krachan National Park").

Reflecting on various [environmental issues](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Thailand "Environmental issues in Thailand"), Thailand has a mediocre but improving performance in the global [Environmental Performance Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_Performance_Index "Environmental Performance Index"), with an overall ranking of 91 out of 180 countries in 2016. The environmental areas where Thailand performs worst (i.e., highest-ranking) are [air quality](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Air_quality "Air quality") (167), environmental effects of the agricultural industry (106), and the [climate and energy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Climate_and_energy "Climate and energy") sector (93), the latter mainly because of a high [CO2 emission](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CO2_emission "CO2 emission") per kWh produced. Thailand performs best (i.e., lowest-ranking) in [water resource management](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_resource_management "Water resource management") (66), with some major improvements expected for the future, and [sanitation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanitation "Sanitation") (68).[[150]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-156)[[151]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-157) The country had a 2019 [Forest Landscape Integrity Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index "Forest Landscape Integrity Index") mean score of 6.00/10, ranking it 88th globally out of 172 countries.[[152]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-158)

The population of elephants, the [national symbol](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_animals "List of national animals"), has fallen from 100,000 in 1850 to an estimated 2,000.[[147]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-Elephants-153) Poachers have long hunted elephants for [ivory](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivory "Ivory") and hides, and now increasingly for [meat](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elephant_meat "Elephant meat").[[153]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-159) Young elephants are often captured for use in tourist attractions or as work animals, where there have been claims of mistreatment.[[154]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-160) In 1989, the government banned the use of elephants for [logging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logging "Logging"), leading many elephant owners to move their domesticated animals to the tourism industry.[[155]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-161)

Poaching of [protected species](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_species_native_to_Thailand "List of species native to Thailand") remains a major problem. [Tigers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tigers "Tigers"), [leopards](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leopards "Leopards"), and other large cats are hunted for their pelts. Many are farmed or hunted for their meat, which supposedly has medicinal properties. Although such trade is illegal, the well-known Bangkok market [Chatuchak](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chatuchak_Weekend_Market "Chatuchak Weekend Market") is still known for the sale of endangered species.[[156]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-162) The practice of keeping wild animals as pets affects species such as [Asiatic black bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asiatic_black_bear "Asiatic black bear"), [Malayan sun bear](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malayan_sun_bear "Malayan sun bear"), [white-handed lar](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lar_gibbon "Lar gibbon"), [pileated gibbon](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pileated_gibbon "Pileated gibbon"), and [binturong](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binturong "Binturong").[[157]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thailand#cite_note-163)

---

<div class="post-metadata">

**Author:** ![FreeFormer](https://dub1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/user_avatar/discuss.compclassnotes.com/freeformer/32/97_2.png) [@FreeFormer](https://discuss.compclassnotes.com/u/FreeFormer)\
**Post date:** [October 23, 2026, 10:38pm UTC](https://discuss.compclassnotes.com/t/rednecks-racing-modified-rice-tractors-in-thailand/481/2 "2026-10-23T22:38:53Z")

</div>

# Editorial

CCN’s hiring requirements for creative designers:

1. Passion
2. Technique
3. Craziness

Just look at’em you see 1-3.

# Why?

At CCN Node we love posting these “All Things somebody!” because we want to say that the world is far far larger than the West and the rest of the planet has no desire to let imperialists return.

However, instead of endlessly writing door-stoppers and vanity talks of highly paid fake-pontiffs, we prefer to SHOW not tell.

FreeFormer

# Branding

 ![Untitled - 23 October 2026 at 23.24.15](https://europe1.discourse-cdn.com/flex006/uploads/ccn1/original/1X/371312f0275bc07e6ef891e4f456f5edccb2ff38.jpeg)